Numerical Analysis Of Flow Research Articles

Numerical analysis of the MHD Williamson nanofluid flow over a nonlinear stretching sheet through a Darcy porous medium: Modeling and simulation

Abstract In the current study, we delve into examining the movement of a nanofluid within a Williamson boundary layer, focusing on the analysis of heat and mass transfer (HMT) processes. This particular flow occurs over a sheet that undergoes nonlinear stretching. A significant facet of this investigation involves the incorporation of both the magnetic field and the influence of viscous dissipation within the model. The sheet is situated within a porous medium, and this medium conforms to the Darcy model. Since more precise outcomes are still required, the model assumes that both fluid conductivity and viscosity change with temperature. In this research, we encounter a system of extremely nonlinear ordinary differential equations that are treated through a numerical technique, specifically by employing the spectral collocation method. Graphical representations are used to illustrate how the relevant parameters impact the nanoparticle volume fraction, velocity, and temperature profiles. The study involves the computation and analysis of the effect of physical parameters on the local Sherwood number, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number. Specific significant findings emerging from the present study highlight that the rate of mass transfer is particularly influenced by the thermophoresis factor, porous parameter, and Williamson parameter, showing heightened effects, while conversely, the Brownian motion parameter demonstrates an opposing pattern. The results were computed and subjected to a comparison with earlier research, indicating a notable degree of conformity and accord.

Numerical analysis of a gas flow in a square cavity driven by spanwise lid motion on the basis of kinetic theory: Behavior of the gas near a sharp corner

A gas flow in a square cavity driven by a lid sliding in the direction of its line of contact with the cavity wall is considered. The steady behavior of the gas is numerically investigated based on the linearized Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook kinetic equation and the diffuse reflection boundary condition. When one applies the Stokes equation and the no-slip boundary condition to the system considered here, the flow velocity becomes multivalued at the corner between the lid and the cavity wall, and the shear stress diverges at the corner inversely proportionally to the distance from there, which is known as the so-called corner singularity. In the present work, the behavior of the gas near the corner is examined based on numerical results obtained from the kinetic theory. Although the range of the flow velocity value in the kinetic solution is limited due to the significant velocity slip near the corner, the flow velocity is, nevertheless, multivalued at the corner. The shear stress varies inversely proportionally to the distance from the corner up to the position that is a few tens of mean free paths away from there. The increase in the stress is suppressed at positions closer to the corner and its magnitude remains bounded. Thus, the total forces acting on the lid and the side cavity walls are bounded as well. Due to the distinctive behavior of the stress near the corner, the resulting nondimensional total forces behave with an unconventional rate Kn ln Kn for small Knudsen numbers Kn.

Dynamic stress prediction for a Pump-Turbine in Low-Load Conditions: Experimental validation and phenomenological analysis

To meet the increasing demand for higher flexibility in hydropower, an operating range extension in an existing hydroelectric powerplant is considered. To this end, the dynamic flow and structural behavior of the low-head pump-turbine is investigated in turbine mode in partial load and deep partial load conditions, to evaluate the feasibility of this flexibilization due to the increased high cycle fatigue damage. In a first step, different numerical simulation approaches that combine fluid dynamics and structural dynamics are applied and compared to in-situ dynamic strain and pressure measurements on the impeller. As a result, the modelling requirements for a numerical workflow that leads to unmatched accuracy in predicting the broad-band dynamic stresses of deep partial load are identified. In a second step, the operating-point-dependent fatigue crack initiation spots are identified based on dynamic stresses. Herein, the emergence of an additional dominant critical spot near the blade leading edge is observed, which is unexpected for low-head pump turbines. Thanks to the detailed numerical flow and structural analyses, the root cause for the dynamic stress concentration is studied and the emergence of the new critical spot is understood. It turns out in deep partial load, that the main source of pressure oscillations on the impeller blade surfaces is the vortex-dominated flow detachment zone around the blade leading edge, which, in combination with the geometry of the investigated impeller, translates into the main stress oscillations. The results of this work were later used to extend the operating range of the hydroelectric powerplant from initially 25% to 100% power output to now 0% to 100%.

Numerical analysis of blood flow through stenosed microvessels using a multi-phase model

Blood flow in arterioles have attracted considerable research attention due to their clinical implications. However, the fluid structure interaction between red blood cells and plasma in the blood poses formidable difficulty to the computational efforts. In this contribution, we seek to represent the red blood cells in the blood as a continuous non-Newtonian phase and construct a multi-phase model for the blood flow in microvessels. The methods are presented and validated using a channel with sudden expansion. And the resulting blood flow inside a stenosed microvessel is investigated at different inlet velocity amplitudes and hematocrits. It is show that the increase of both inlet velocity amplitude and inlet hematocrit leads to longer and thicker cell-rich layer downstream the stenosis. Besides, it is found that the maximum values of wall shear stress scales up with inlet velocity amplitudes and hematocrits. These results show the validity of the proposed computational model and provide helpful insights into blood flow behaviors inside stenosed vessels.

Two-dimensional perfusion angiography permits direct visualization of redistribution of flow in hepatocellular carcinoma during b-TACE.

To demonstrate in vivo redistribution of the blood flow towards HCC's lesions by utilizing two-dimensional perfusion angiography in b-TACE procedures. In total, 30 patients with 35 HCC nodules treated in the period between January 2019 and November 2021. For each patient, a post-processing software leading to a two-dimensional perfusion angiography was applied on each angiography performed via balloon microcatheter, before and after inflation. On the colour map obtained, reflecting the evolution of contrast intensity change over time, five regions of interests (ROIs) were assessed: one on the tumour (ROI-t), two in the immediate peritumoural healthy liver parenchyma (ROI-ihl) and two in the peripheral healthy liver parenchyma (ROI-phl). The results have been interpreted with a novel in silico model that simulates the hemodynamics of the hepatic arterial system. Among the ROIs drawn inside the same segment of target lesion, the time-to-peak of the ROI-t and of the ROI-ihl have a significantly higher mean value when the balloon was inflated compared with the ROIs obtained with deflated balloon (10.33 ± 3.66s vs 8.87 ± 2.60s (p = 0.015) for ROI-t; 10.50 ± 3.65s vs 9.23 ± 2.70s (p = 0.047) for ROI-ihl). The in silico model prediction time-to-peak delays when balloon was inflated, match with those observed in vivo. The numerical flow analysis shows how time-to-peak delays are caused by the obstruction of the balloon-occluded artery and the opening of intra-hepatic collateral. The measurements identify predictively the flow redistribution in the hepatic arteries during b-TACE, supporting a proper positioning of the balloon microcatheter.

Numerical Analysis of Fluid Flow Around Ship Hulls Using STAR-CCM+ with Verification Results

Numerical Analysis of Fluid Flow Around Ship Hulls Using STAR-CCM+ with Verification Results

Numerical Analysis of MHD Hybrid Nanofluid Flow a Porous Stretching Sheet with Thermal Radiation

Numerical Analysis of MHD Hybrid Nanofluid Flow a Porous Stretching Sheet with Thermal Radiation

Regular reflection of shock waves in steady flows: viscous and non-equilibrium effects

Numerical analysis of a steady monatomic gas flow about the point of the regular reflection of a strong oblique shock wave from the symmetry plane is conducted with the Navier–Stokes–Fourier (NSF) equations, the regularized Grad 13-moment (R13) equations and the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. In contrast to the inviscid solution to this problem completely defined by the Rankine–Hugoniot (RH) relations, all three models predict a complicated flow structure with strong thermal non-equilibrium and a long wake with flow parameters not predicted by the RH relations. The temperature $T_y$ related to thermal motion of molecules in the direction normal to the symmetry plane has a maximum inside the reflection zone while in a planar shock wave the maximum is observed for the $T_x$ temperature. The R13 equations predict these features much better than the NSF equations and are in good agreement with the benchmark DSMC results. An analysis of the flow with the conservation equations was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of various processes on a fluid element moving along the symmetry plane. In contrast to the shock wave where effects of viscosity and heat conduction are one-dimensional with zeroth net contribution to the fluid-element energy across the shock, the flow across the zone of the shock reflection is dominated by two-dimensional effects with positive net contribution of viscosity and negative contribution of heat conduction to the fluid-element energy. These effects are believed to be the main source of the wake with parameters deviating from the RH values.

Direct numerical simulation and mode analysis of turbulent transition flow in a compressor blade channel

The separation and turbulent transition of the flow in a compressor blade channel are investigated through direct numerical simulations (DNS) at a Reynolds number of 1.367 × 105. Based on the original DNS data, both time-averaged statistics and instantaneous vortex structures of the flow field are extensively analyzed. The vortices are visualized and studied by the Liutex method, and the streaming dynamic mode decomposition (SDMD), a low-storage variant of conventional DMD, is applied to the large datasets obtained on both pressure and suction sides. The physical quantity analyzed with SDMD is the Liutex magnitude R. The DNS results indicate that flow separation occurs on both sides of the blade. On the pressure surface, the separation is weak and the flow remains in a natural transition dominated by viscous Tollmien–Schlichting instabilities. In contrast, owing to the presence of a large laminar separation bubble, the flow experiences a separation transition governed by inviscid Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities on the suction surface. The SDMD results suggest that a broad range of vortex frequencies exist in the transition flow, and the scale of the spatial structures is negatively correlated with the frequency of the mode. On the pressure surface, the extracted SDMD modes are primarily related to Kelvin–Helmholtz rolls, whereas on the suction side, influenced by the separated boundary layer, the modal structures exhibit greater diversity.

Numerical analysis of turbulent flow and heat transfer enhancement using V-shaped grooves mounted on the rotary kiln’s outer walls

Rotary kilns have been widely employed in various industrial uses, especially the cement production. This article deals with enhancing the thermal performance of a rotary kiln duct with V-shaped grooves mounted on the outer wall. Four V-shaped grooves with different depths h/D ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 were designed. The Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes equations (RANS) of two-dimensional steady-state flow are used to model the governing flow equations by using the finite volume approach (FVM) in FLUENT. k-ε standard, k-ε Realizable, k-ω SST and k-ε RNG turbulence models of the RANS approach and the k -ω SST model has been adopted to validate CFD results. In this study, the numerical results have revealed that the increase in groove depth decrease the temperature of the rotary kiln’s outer wall than the smooth walls and gives the largest Nu number, especially for the groove with h/D =0.3 and 0.4 depths.

Numerical analysis of coarse particle two-phase flow in deep-sea mining vertical pipe transport with forced vibration

Exploring the dynamics and flow characteristics of coarse particles within vertical lifting pipes is essential to ensure safe and efficient pipeline transportation. This study combines computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and the discrete element method (DEM) to investigate the behavior of coarse particle solid–liquid two-phase flow in a vertical pipe utilized for deep-sea mining under forced vibration and compares it with that in stationary pipes. This study examined the effects of pipe amplitude, vibration frequency, and initial internal flow velocity separately. The amplitude values tested were 0D (static), 1D, 2D, 3D, and 4D, where D represents pipe diameter. The vibration frequencies of 0 Hz (static), 0.25 Hz, 0.5 Hz, 1 Hz, and 2 Hz were tested, respectively. Finally, initial velocities of 1 m/s, 2 m/s, 3 m/s, and 4 m/s were tested. Compared with stationary pipes, particle-induced turbulence gradually disrupts the flow field, leading to a more dispersed particle volume distribution during pipe vibration. An increase in the amplitude and vibration frequency of the pipe results in an augmentation of the pressure drop within the pipe. By comparing the results of the vibrating pipe with those of the stationary pipe, the effect of the pipe vibration gradually weakened as the initial velocity increased.

MHD boundary layer micropolar fluid flow over a stretching wedge surface: Thermophoresis and brownian motion effect

To investigate the consequence of thermophoresis and Brownian diffusion on convective boundary layer micropolar fluid flow over a stretching wedge-shaped surface. The effects of 
 non-dimensional parameters namely coupling constant parameter (0.01 ≤ B1 ≤ 0.05), magnetic parameter (1.0 ≤ M ≤ 15.0), Grashof number (0.3 ≤ Gr ≤ 0.9), modified Grashof number 
 (0.3 ≤ Gm ≤ 0.8), micropolar parameter (2.0 ≤ G2 ≤ 7.5), vortex viscosity constraint (0.02 ≤ G1 ≤ 0.2), Prandtl number (7.0 ≤ Pr ≤ 15.0), thermal radiation parameter (0.25 ≤ R ≤ 0.50), Brownian motion parameter (0.2 ≤ Nb ≤ 0.62), thermophoresis parameter (0.04 ≤ Nt ≤ 0.10), heat generation parameter (0.1 ≤ Q ≤ 0.5), Biot number (0.65 ≤ Bi ≤ 1.0), stretching parameter (0.2 ≤ A ≤ 0.5), Lewis number (3.0 ≤ Le ≤ 7.0), and chemical reaction parameter (0.2 ≤ K ≤ 0.7) on the steady MHD heat and mass transfer is investigated in the present study. The coupled non-linear partial differential equations are reduced into a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations employing similarity transformation. Furthermore, by using the Runge-Kutta method followed by the shooting technique, the transformed equations are solved. The main goal of this study is to investigate the numerical analysis of nanofluid flow within the boundary layer region with the effects of the microrotation parameter and velocity ratio parameter. The novelty of this paper is to propose a numerical method for solving third-order ordinary differential equations that include both linear and nonlinear terms. To understand the physical significance of this work, numerical analyses and tabular displays of the skin friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are shown. The new approach of the present study contributes significantly to the understanding of numerical solutions to non-linear differential equations in fluid mechanics and micropolar fluid flow. Micropolar fluids are becoming even more of a focus due to the desire for engineering applications in various fields of medical, mechanical engineering, and chemical processing.

Numerical simulation analysis of stable flow of hydrate slurry in gas-liquid-solid multiphase flow

The study of multiphase flow characteristics of hydrate slurry was crucial for controlling the risks associated with hydrate slurry transport in deep-water oil and gas operations. Currently, multiphase flow research on the hydrate slurry flow system focuses on two-phase (solid-liquid) flow studies in single short straight pipes or elbows. This paper established a geometric model based on an experimental loop of high-pressure natural gas hydrate slurry. The Euler model contained n momentum equations and continuity equations for each term, and the Euler model can couple the pressure term with the surface exchange coefficients. Therefore, Euler model was suitable to deal with complex fluid motion problems. Such as bubble flow problem, floating problem, particle suspension problem and fluidized bed problem. In this paper, the hydrate particles in the grout were set as regular round spheres and do not decompose, so the Euler model was suitable for the simulation of the gas-liquid-solid three-phase flow of hydrate grout in the loop. The Euler model was used to simulate the three-phase (gas-liquid-solid) expansion in the loop, focusing on the influence of hydrate slurry inlet flow rate, inlet hydrate volume fraction, liquid phase viscosity and pipe diameter on slurry flow characteristics. The results are as follows:1) Based on orthogonal experiments, pipe diameter has the most significant impact on the pressure drop of the entire pipe section, while liquid phase viscosity has the greatest impact on the average aggregation particle diameter of hydrate on the cross section.2) The distribution of hydrate phase is related to the direction of the loop. Under the influence of gravity, hydrates are primarily dispersed in the liquid phase, with a high concentration in the solid-liquid mixing zone, tend towards the gas phase zone. Hydrate particles are symmetrically distributed in the vertical cross-section, with smaller particle diameters in the solid-liquid mixing zone compared to the gas phase and liquid phase zone 3). In the elbow section, centrifugal force and density difference cause hydrate particles to aggregate towards the lower pipe wall on the outside of the elbow. This results in the disappearance of the liquid phase zone, higher hydrate concentration on the outside of the elbow, and smaller hydrate particle diameter in the solid-liquid mixing zone compared to the gas phase zone.4). Throughout entire loop, the viscosity of the slurry in the solid-liquid mixing zone was the highest, and the volume fraction of hydrate particles was symmetrical both vertically and horizontally. To validate the simulation results, high-pressure multiphase flow hydrate generation experiments were conducted in a 6 MPa hydrate slurry experimental loop. The stable flow pressure drop value of the slurry was compared to the simulation results. The relative error between the simulated and experimental pressure drops is less than 15%, falling within an acceptable range and matching the experimental results. This proved that the multiphase simulation technique of hydrate slurry gas-liquid-solid in the loop can effectively guide the safe transportation of hydrate slurry under actual working conditions.

Numerical analysis of aero-hydrodynamic wake flows of a floating offshore wind turbine subjected to atmospheric turbulence inflows

The influence of atmospheric turbulence inflow on coupled dynamic behaviors and wakes of floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) is pronounced, especially as blade size increases. In this study, we explore the effects of atmospheric inflow on aero-hydrodynamics and wake characteristics of a spar-type FOWT. A well-validated in-house computational fluid dynamic (CFD) solver, FOWT-UALM-SJTU, is utilized to conduct the numerical simulations. To generate the realistic atmospheric inflow condition, the large eddy simulation (LES) with long-duration is employed. Two other cases involving uniform inflow and shear inflow are conducted to provide some comparable results. Compared to uniform inflow and shear inflow, the power and thrust of FOWT under atmospheric inflow display greater instability, with their power spectrums exhibiting higher intensity in high frequency region. The variation of yaw moment in atmospheric scenario is significantly drastic, leading to a remarkable response in platform yaw motion. Notably, the dominant frequency in this scenario is the blade passage frequency, as opposed to the incident wave frequency observed in the uniform and shear scenarios. The atmospheric inflow promotes the manifestation of wake breakdown and wake meandering, resulting in the faster wake recovery of FOWT. Besides, the meandering in the far wake is more significant compared to uniform and shear scenarios. The absence of vortex rings in atmospheric scenario is observed, along with the presence of more complex and smaller vortices in far wake. Our findings highlight the remarkable impacts of atmospheric inflow on dynamic responses and wake evolution of FOWT, and it is recommended that the atmospheric inflow be taken into account when assessing wake interactions between multiple FOWTs.

Numerical and experimental analysis of magneto-convective flows around pipes

Liquid metal flows exposed to intense magnetic fields play a fundamental role in the development of blankets for nuclear fusion reactors, where they serve to produce the plasma-fuel component tritium and transport the generated heat. When the liquid metal circulates in the blanket, it interacts with the plasma-confining magnetic field leading to the induction of electric currents. Electromagnetic forces and thermal buoyancy affect significantly velocity and pressure distributions. The resulting magneto-convective flow has peculiar features that have to be taken into account in order to evaluate heat transfer properties in the liquid metal. In the breeding zone of the water-cooled lead lithium blanket concept, the volumetric heat released in the liquid metal is removed by water-cooled circular pipes that represent obstacles for the liquid metal flow. In order to improve the understanding of the underlying physical phenomena and obtain a database for code validation, model experiments have been performed to investigate magneto-convective flow and heat transfer at two differentially heated parallel horizontal tubes immersed in a box filled with liquid metal. Among other properties, electric potential has been recorded on the surface of the test-section and compared with 3D numerical simulations. Computational results provide the basis for interpretation of the measured data, since they allow differentiating between flow-induced electric potential and thermoelectric effects.

Numerical analysis of flow and heat transfer characteristics of double-layer heterogeneous single crystal diamond microchannel heat sinks

In order to solve the heat dissipation problems associated with highly integrated and high heat flux microelectronic devices, in this work, a novel type double-layer heterogeneous single crystal diamond microchannel heat sink (DLH-SCD-MCHS) is designed and numerically analyzed, in which the upper channel is rectangular and the lower channel consists of various cavities and rib combinations. The comprehensive performance of the DLH-SCD-MCHS was analyzed by the correlation with pumping power and thermal resistance, and the enhanced heat transfer factor (η). The outcome shows that the DLH-SCD-MCHS significantly enhances the heat transfer while appropriately sacrificing part of the pressure drop. Compared with the traditional double-layer microchannel heat sink (DL-MCHS), the pressure drop of DLH-SCD-MCHS is increased by 23.8–43.5 %, the heat transfer coefficient is enhanced by 74.5–117.1 %, and the η is improved by 62.5–87.4 %. The DLH-SCD-MCHS can reduce the irreversible loss, and the minimum augmentation entropy generation number is 0.64 for the DLH-SCD-MCHS with rectangular cavity and rectangular rib (Model V). As Re = 874, the relative rib width, the relative rib length and the relative position of the ribs of the Model V are 0.5, 0.571 and 0.5, respectively, the maximum η is 1.97. The DLH-SCD-MCHS provides new insights for the management of the heat transfer system of microelectronic devices.

Linear stability and numerical analysis of vertical dense particulate flows in hydraulic conveying

Linear stability and numerical analysis of vertical dense particulate flows in hydraulic conveying

Experimental and numerical analysis of flow through a natural rough fracture subject to normal loading

Fractured crystalline rocks have been chosen or are under consideration by several countries as host rock formations for deep geological repositories for spent nuclear fuel. In such geological formations, flow and solute transport are mostly controlled by a network of connected natural fractures, each of them being characterised by internal heterogeneity, also denoted as roughness. Fractures are, in turn, subject to variable load caused by various factors, such as the presence of thick ice sheets formed during glaciation periods. Understanding how coupled hydro-mechanical (HM) processes affect flow and transport at the scale of a single natural fracture is crucial for a robust parameterisation of large-scale discrete fracture network models, which are not only used for nuclear waste disposal applications but are also of interest to problems related to geothermics, oil and gas production or groundwater remediation. In this work, we analyse and model an HM experiment carried out in a single natural fracture and use the results of both, the experimental and the modelling work, to get insights into fundamental questions such as the applicability of local cubic law or the effect of normal load on channeling. The initial fracture aperture was obtained from laser scanning of the two fracture surfaces and an equivalent initial aperture was then defined by moving the two fracture surfaces together and comparing the results obtained using a Navier–Stokes based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the experimental flowrate obtained for unloaded conditions. The mechanical effect of the different loading stages was simulated using a high-resolution contact model. The different computed fracture apertures were then used to run groundwater flow simulations using a modified Reynolds equation. The results show that, without correction, local cubic law largely overestimates flowrates. Instead, we show that by explicitly acknowledging the difference between the mechanical aperture and the hydraulic aperture and setting the latter equal to 1/5 of the former, cubic law provides a very reasonable approximation of the experimental flowrates over the entire loading cycle. A positive correlation between fluid flow channeling and normal load is also found.

Numerical entropy analysis of MHD electro-osmotic flow of peristaltic movement in a nanofluid

The present study investigates the MHD electro-osmotic flow of entropy generation analysis for peristaltic movement in a nanofluid with temperature-dependent viscosity. Long wavelengths, i.e., The magnitude of a wave's energy corresponds directly to its frequency while being inversely related to its wavelength in terms of velocity, temperature, and concentration, govern and confine the flow stream in the laminar region. Ohmic heating and hall effects are also included. Graphs are used to obtain and examine numerical solutions for axial velocity, temperature, concentration, Bejan number, and entropy generation. The effects of this research can help to improve pumping and gastrointestinal movements in different engineering devices. Debye–Huckel and lubrication approximations are studied to access the Boltzmann distribution of electric potential across an electric double layer. The investigations of an existing model are important in illuminating the microfluidics machinery used at the micro level for various transport phenomena in which fluids as well as particles are transported together. The current study has many applications and can be further extended to a three-dimensional profile with appropriate modifications and assumptions. When studying entropy generation, it is essential to examine the irreversible factors, while also taking into account the velocity and thermal slip conditions at channel boundaries. Moreover, the concept of entropy generation holds significant importance in comprehending various biological phenomena. Hence, the current research holds promising implications for both industrial and medical fields. The entropy generation is minimum at left wall of the channel for negative values of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity.

Numerical analysis of flow and combustion of Coal-Ammonia blend in coal-fired furnace

Co-firing ammonia (NH3) in coal-fired power plants presents an attractive method to expedite the global decarbonization process. Nevertheless, the challenge lies in reconciling the need for higher temperatures within the furnace with the imperative of maintaining low nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions, which limits the widespread use of NH3 as a fuel. In this article, the flow and combustion of coal-NH3 blends in a 3 × 700 MW tangentially-fired utility coal boiler furnace are investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The impact of NH3 blending ratios is examined through numerically simulated combustion involving five co-firing ratios (CRs) of NH3, including 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%. Various combustion properties are assessed, including the furnace’s temperature profile, flow distribution, species emissions, pollutant formation, and heat generation. To validate the approach, single coal and coal blend simulations performed depicted reasonable agreement in predicting furnace flame temperatures. The predicted flue gas temperature exhibited a decrease with an increase in NH3 CR, leading to a reduction in the furnace’s heat generation. Regarding flow characteristics, there was a notable increase in velocity as the concentration of NH3 was raised. The elevated NH3 content correlated with an observed rise in oxygen (O2) residue in the rear pass, coupled with a decrease in both carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations. Pollutant formation, assessed in terms of nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions, revealed an increase in concentration with the rise in NH3 CR. Indeed, these findings suggest a promising strategy for adopting NH3 as a viable alternative to coal, representing an effective carbon-neutral fuel for the future.